![]() ![]() I had recently upgraded my laptop from Windows 8.1 to 10. Since the upgrade, I am unable to connect my Android devices as MTP (or Portable Media Player) devices on Windows. The devices that I am using are Nexus 4, Samsung Grand 2 and Kindle Fire HD 7'. Prior to the upgrade I was able to view these as Portable Devices. All of these are displaying as Android ADB devices. I have tried the usual procedure of deleting that from Device Manager, and choosing Windows to choose an appropriate driver. Windows 10 doesn't even display an option to add these as MTP USB devices or USB Composite Devices. I have attempted to connect these devices to another Windows 8 machine that I have and they work pretty fine. Can someone help me with a solution? MTP is a protocol associated to Windows Media Player but Windows 10 does not include the WMP. The Media Feature Pack for N and KN versions of Windows 10 will install Media Player and related technologies on a computer running Windows 10 N or Windows 10 KN editions. For further information, please see and query the Knowledge Base for the article number KB3010081. So, download 'Windows10-KB3010081-x86.msu' or 'Windows10-KB3010081-x64.msu' from ' and install it. The problem will be solved! Download SAMSUNG Mobile MTP Device Driver 2.9.310.1125 free. The package provides the installation files for SAMSUNG. Nov 29, 2012 The Windows 8 Portable Device Enabling Kit (DEK) for Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) includes the MTP Device Simulator, which you can use to simulate a. Jun 28, 2014 Samsung Mobile MTP USB Device Driver Download for windows.MTP USB Device Driver Download Link:Supported OS: Windows 2003. The new package to download is: As in the documentation: This update supersedes update 3010081 in Windows 10 build 1511. New version for Windows anniversary update 1607 KB3133719. The download of the Media Package may solve this, however I don't have Media Player at home on my Windows 10 Pro N Machine & can connect my removable devices perfectly fine. You may need to download the Android drivers from Google's page here: This is part of the Android SDK, so when you download it, select the USB Driver Package and install that. I had some issues with Windows 7 and Android Drivers, Windows 8 seemed to fix it hence why 10 is fine for me. Give that a try though and let us know how you get on:) HTH. The 'Sooner' prototype phone, running a pre-release version of Android Android Inc. Was founded in in October 2003 by,, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as 'tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences'. The early intentions of the company were to develop an advanced operating system for, and this was the basis of its pitch to investors in April 2004. The company then decided that the market for cameras was not large enough for its goals, and by five months later it had diverted its efforts and was pitching Android as a handset operating system that would rival and Microsoft. Rubin had difficulty attracting investors early on, and Android was facing eviction from its office space., a close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope, and shortly thereafter wired an undisclosed amount as seed funding. Perlman refused a stake in the company, and has stated 'I did it because I believed in the thing, and I wanted to help Andy.' In July 2005, acquired Android Inc. For at least $50 million. Its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about the secretive Android at the time, with the company having provided few details other than that it was making software for mobile phones. At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the. Google marketed the platform to and on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system. Google had 'lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation'. Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006. An early had a close resemblance to a phone, with no touchscreen and a physical, but the arrival of 2007's meant that Android 'had to go back to the drawing board'. Google later changed its Android specification documents to state that 'Touchscreens will be supported', although 'the Product was designed with the presence of discrete physical buttons as an assumption, therefore a touchscreen cannot completely replace physical buttons'. In September 2007, covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several applications in the area of mobile telephony. And at a 2012 press conference announcing Google's Nexus 7 tablet On November 5, 2007, the, a of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as, and, wireless carriers such as and, and chipset makers such as and, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop 'the first truly open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices'. The first commercially available smartphone running Android was the, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23, 2008. Since 2008, Android has seen which have incrementally improved the operating system, adding new features and fixing in previous releases. Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called ', ', ', and ', respectively. During its announcement of in 2013, Google explained that 'Since these devices make our lives so sweet, each Android version is named after a dessert', although a Google spokesperson told in an interview that 'It’s kind of like an internal team thing, and we prefer to be a little bit — how should I say — a bit inscrutable in the matter, I’ll say'. In 2010, Google launched its series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions. The series was described as having 'played a pivotal role in Android's history by introducing new software iterations and hardware standards across the board', and became known for its ' software with 'timely [.] updates'. At its in May 2013, Google announced a special version of the, where, instead of using Samsung's own Android customization, the phone ran 'stock Android' and was promised to receive new system updates fast. The device would become the start of the program, and was followed by other devices, including the Google Play edition, and Google Play edition. In 2015, wrote that 'Earlier this week, the last of the Google Play edition Android phones in Google's online storefront were listed as 'no longer available for sale' and that 'Now they're all gone, and it looks a whole lot like the program has wrapped up'. From 2008 to 2013, served as product spokesperson, representing Android at press conferences and, Google’s annual developer-focused conference. He left Google in August 2013 to join Chinese phone maker. Less than six months earlier, Google's then- announced in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on new projects at Google, and that would become the new Android lead. Pichai himself would eventually switch positions, becoming the new CEO of Google in August 2015 following the company's restructure into the conglomerate, making the new head of Android. In June 2014, Google announced, a set of 'hardware reference models' that would 'allow [device makers] to easily create high-quality phones at low costs', designed for consumers in developing countries. In September, Google announced the first set of Android One phones for release in India. However, reported in June 2015 that the project was 'a disappointment', citing 'reluctant consumers and manufacturing partners' and 'misfires from the search company that has never quite cracked hardware'. Plans to relaunch Android One surfaced in August 2015, with Africa announced as the next location for the program a week later. A report from The Information in January 2017 stated that Google is expanding its low-cost Android One program into the United States, although The Verge notes that the company will presumably not produce the actual devices itself. Google introduced the in October 2016, marketed as being the first phones made by Google, and exclusively featured certain software features, such as the, before wider rollout. The Pixel phones replaced the Nexus series, with a new generation of Pixel phones launched in October 2017. See also: Interface Android's default user interface is mainly based on, using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, along with a. And full-size physical are supported via. The response to user input is designed to be immediate and provides a fluid touch interface, often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provide to the user. Internal hardware, such as, and are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented, or allowing the user to steer a vehicle in a by rotating the device, simulating control of a. Android devices boot to the homescreen, the primary navigation and information 'hub' on Android devices, analogous to the found on personal computers. Android homescreens are typically made up of app icons and; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content, such as a, the user's email inbox, or a directly on the homescreen. A homescreen may be made up of several pages, between which the user can swipe back and forth. Third-party apps available on and other app stores can extensively re- the homescreen, and even mimic the look of other operating systems, such as. Most manufacturers customize the look and features of their Android devices to differentiate themselves from their competitors. Along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity. This status bar can be 'pulled' down to reveal a notification screen where apps display important information or updates. Notifications are 'short, timely, and relevant information about your app when it’s not in use', and when tapped, users are directed to a screen inside the app relating to the notification. Beginning with, 'expandable notifications' allow the user to tap an icon on the notification in order for it to expand and display more information and possible app actions right from the notification. An All Apps screen lists all installed applications, with the ability for users to drag an app from the list onto the home screen. A Recents screen lets users switch between recently used apps. See also: and Applications ('), which extend the functionality of devices, are written using the kit (SDK) and, often, the programming language. Java may be combined with /, together with a choice of non-default that allow better C++ support. The programming language is also supported, although with a limited set of (API). In May 2017, Google announced support for Android app development in the. The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, including a,, a handset based on, documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Initially, Google's supported (IDE) was using the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin; in December 2014, Google released, based on, as its primary IDE for Android application development. Other development tools are available, including a (NDK) for applications or extensions in C or C++,, a visual environment for novice programmers, and various. In January 2014, Google unveiled an framework based on for porting to Android, wrapped in a native application shell. Android has a growing selection of third-party applications, which can be acquired by users by downloading and installing the application's (Android application package) file, or by downloading them using an program that allows users to from their devices. Is the primary application store installed on Android devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements and license the Google Mobile Services software. Google Play Store allows users to browse, download and update applications published by Google and third-party developers; as of July 2013, there are more than one million applications available for Android in Play Store. As of July 2013, 50 billion applications have been installed. Some carriers offer direct carrier billing for Google Play application purchases, where the cost of the application is added to the user's monthly bill. As of May 2017, there are over one billion active users a month for Gmail, Android, Chrome, Google Play and Maps. Due to the open nature of Android, a number of third-party application marketplaces also exist for Android, either to provide a substitute for devices that are not allowed to ship with Google Play Store, provide applications that cannot be offered on Google Play Store due to policy violations, or for other reasons. Examples of these third-party stores have included the,, and SlideMe., another alternative marketplace, seeks to only provide applications that are distributed under. Memory management Since Android devices are usually battery-powered, Android is designed to manage processes to keep power consumption at a minimum. When an application is not in use the system so that, while available for immediate use rather than closed, it does not use battery power or CPU resources. Android manages the applications stored in memory automatically: when memory is low, the system will begin invisibly and automatically closing inactive processes, starting with those that have been inactive for longest. Lifehacker reported in 2011 that third-party task killers were doing more harm than good. Virtual reality At on May 2016, Google announced, a platform that relies on a smartphone and provides VR capabilities through a and controller designed by Google itself. The platform is built into Android starting with, differentiating from standalone support for VR capabilities. The software is available for developers, and was released in 2016. See also: The main hardware platform for Android is the ( and architectures), with,, and architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android. The unofficial project provided support for the x86 architectures ahead of the official support. MIPS architecture was also supported before Google did. Since 2012, Android devices with processors began to appear, including phones and tablets. While gaining support for 64-bit platforms, Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then on. Since Android 5.0 'Lollipop', variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the variants. Requirements for the minimum amount of for devices running Android 7.1 range from in practice 2 GB for best hardware, down to 1 GB for the most common screen, to absolute minimum 512 MB for lowest spec 32-bit smartphone. The recommendation for Android 4.4 is to have at least 512 MB of RAM, while for 'low RAM' devices 340 MB is the required minimum amount that does not include memory dedicated to various hardware components such as the. Android 4.4 requires a, or architecture processor (latter two through unofficial ports), together with an 2.0 compatible (GPU). Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.1 and as of latest major version, 3.2 and. Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES, and suitable GPU hardware is required to run such applications. Android devices incorporate many optional hardware components, including still or video cameras,,, dedicated gaming controls,,, barometers,,,, thermometers, and. Some hardware components are not required, but became standard in certain classes of devices, such as smartphones, and additional requirements apply if they are present. Some other hardware was initially required, but those requirements have been relaxed or eliminated altogether. For example, as Android was developed initially as a phone OS, hardware such as microphones were required, while over time the phone function became optional. Android used to require an camera, which was relaxed to a camera if present at all, since the camera was dropped as a requirement entirely when Android started to be used on. In addition to running on smartphones and tablets, several vendors run Android natively on regular PC hardware with a keyboard and mouse. In addition to their availability on commercially available hardware, similar PC hardware-friendly versions of Android are freely available from the Android-x86 project, including customized Android 4.4. Using the Android that is part of the, or third-party emulators, Android can also run non-natively on x86 architectures. Chinese companies are building a PC and mobile operating system, based on Android, to 'compete directly with Microsoft Windows and Google Android'. The Chinese Academy of Engineering noted that 'more than a dozen' companies were customising Android following a Chinese ban on the use of Windows 8 on government PCs. Android green figure, next to its original packaging Android is developed by until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released, at which point the is made available to the Android Open Source Project. This source code can be found without modification on select devices, mainly the series of devices. The source code is, in turn, adapted by (OEMs) to run on their hardware. Android's source code does not contain the often proprietary that are needed for certain hardware components. In 2007, the green Android logo was designed for Google by graphic designer. The design team was tasked with a project to create a universally identifiable icon with the specific inclusion of a robot in the final design. After numerous design developments based on and space movies, the team eventually sought inspiration from the human symbol on restroom doors and modified the figure into a robot shape. As Android is open-source, it was agreed that the logo should be likewise, and since its launch the green logo has been reinterpreted into countless variations on the original design. Update schedule. See also: Google announces major incremental upgrades to Android on a yearly basis. The updates can be installed on devices. The latest major release is, announced in March 2017, and released the following August. Compared to its primary rival mobile operating system, 's, Android updates typically reach various devices with significant delays. Except for devices within the Google Nexus brand, updates often arrive months after the release of the new version, or not at all. This is partly due to the extensive variation in in Android devices, to which each upgrade must be specifically tailored, a time- and resource-consuming process. Manufacturers often prioritize their newest devices and leave old ones behind. Additional delays can be introduced by wireless carriers that, after receiving updates from manufacturers, further customize and brand Android to their needs and conduct extensive testing on their networks before sending the upgrade out to users. There are also situations in which upgrades are not possible due to one manufacturing partner not providing necessary updates to. The lack of after-sale support from manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticized by consumer groups and the technology media. Some commentators have noted that the industry has a financial incentive not to upgrade their devices, as the lack of updates for existing devices fuels the purchase of newer ones, an attitude described as 'insulting'. Complained that the method of distribution for updates is complicated only because manufacturers and carriers have designed it that way. In 2011, Google partnered with a number of industry players to announce an 'Android Update Alliance', pledging to deliver timely updates for every device for 18 months after its release; however, there has not been another official word about that alliance since its announcement. In 2012, Google began decoupling certain aspects of the operating system (particularly its core applications) so they could be updated through the store independently of the OS. One of those components,, is a system-level process providing for Google services, installed automatically on nearly all devices running and higher. With these changes, Google can add new system functionality through Play Services and update apps without having to distribute an upgrade to the operating system itself. As a result, contained relatively fewer user-facing changes, focusing more on minor changes and platform improvements. In May 2016, reported that Google was making efforts to keep Android more up-to-date, including accelerated rates of security updates, rolling out technological workarounds, reducing requirements for phone testing, and ranking phone makers in an attempt to 'shame' them into better behavior. As stated by Bloomberg: 'As smartphones get more capable, complex and hackable, having the latest software work closely with the hardware is increasingly important'. Hiroshi Lockheimer, the Android lead, admitted that 'It’s not an ideal situation', further commenting that the lack of updates is 'the weakest link on security on Android'. Wireless carriers were described in the report as the 'most challenging discussions', due to carriers' slow approval time due to testing on their networks, despite some carriers, including and, having already shortened their respective approval times. 's then-executive Jason Mackenzie called monthly security updates 'unrealistic' in 2015, and Google was trying to persuade carriers to exclude security patches from the full testing procedures. In a further effort for persuasion, Google shared a list of top phone makers measured by updated devices with its Android partners, and is considering making the list public. Mike Chan, co-founder of phone maker Nextbit and former Android developer, said that 'The best way to solve this problem is a massive re-architecture of the operating system', 'or Google could invest in training manufacturers and carriers 'to be good Android citizens'. In May 2017, with the announcement of, Google introduced Project Treble, a major re-architect of the Android OS framework designed to make it easier, faster, and less costly for manufacturers to update devices to newer versions of Android. Project Treble separates the vendor implementation (device-specific, lower-level software written by silicon manufacturers) from the Android OS framework via a new 'vendor interface'. In Android 7.0 and earlier, no formal vendor interface exists, so device makers must update large portions of the Android code to move a device to a newer version of the operating system. With Treble, the new stable vendor interface provides access to the hardware-specific parts of Android, enabling device makers to deliver new Android releases simply by updating the Android OS framework, 'without any additional work required from the silicon manufacturers.' In September 2017, Google's Project Treble team revealed that, as part of their efforts to improve the security lifecycle of Android devices, Google had managed to get the Linux Foundation to agree to extend the support lifecycle of the Linux Long-Term Support (LTS) kernel branch from the 2 years that it has historically lasted to 6 years for future versions of the LTS kernel, starting with Linux kernel 4.4. Linux kernel Android's is based on one of the 's (LTS) branches. As of 2017, Android devices mainly use versions 3.18 or 4.4 of the Linux kernel. The actual kernel depends on the individual device. Android's variant of the Linux kernel has further architectural changes that are implemented by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle, such as the inclusion of components like device trees, ashmem, ION, and different (OOM) handling. Certain features that Google contributed back to the Linux kernel, notably a power management feature called 'wakelocks', were initially rejected by mainline kernel developers partly because they felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain its own code. Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel community, but, the current Linux kernel maintainer for the stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux. Google engineer Patrick Brady once stated in the company's that 'Android is not Linux', with adding that 'Let me make it simple for you, without Linux, there is no Android'. Wrote that 'Although Android is built on top of the Linux kernel, the platform has very little in common with the conventional desktop Linux stack'. In August 2011, said that 'eventually Android and Linux would come back to a common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years'. In December 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartman announced the start of Android Mainlining Project, which aims to put some Android, patches and features back into the Linux kernel, starting in Linux 3.3. Linux included the autosleep and wakelocks capabilities in the 3.5 kernel, after many previous attempts at merger. The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux implementation allows for two different suspend modes: to memory (the traditional suspend that Android uses), and to disk (hibernate, as it is known on the desktop). Google maintains a public code repository that contains their experimental work to Android off the latest stable Linux versions. The on Android devices is split into several partitions, such as /system for the operating system itself, and /data for user data and application installations. In contrast to desktop Linux distributions, Android device owners are not given access to the operating system and sensitive partitions such as /system are. However, root access can be obtained by exploiting in Android, which is used frequently by the to enhance the capabilities of their devices, but also by malicious parties to install and. Android is a according to the, Google's open-source chief, and several journalists. Others, such as Google engineer Patrick Brady, say that Android is not Linux in the traditional Linux distribution sense; Android does not include the (it uses as an alternative C library) and some of other components typically found in Linux distributions. As of latest version, Android Oreo, Google 'mandates a minimum kernel version and kernel configuration' for security reasons, e.g. Linux kernel 4.4 or newer (version number requirement can be relaxed based on hardware, or dropped for upgraded devices). Software stack. Android's architecture diagram On top of the Linux kernel, there are the, and written in, and running on an which includes -compatible libraries. Development of the Linux kernel continues independently of other Android's source code bases. Until version 5.0, Android used as a with to run Dalvik 'dex-code' (Dalvik Executable), which is usually translated from the. Following the trace-based JIT principle, in addition to the majority of application code, Dalvik performs the compilation and of select frequently executed code segments ('traces') each time an application is launched. Android 4.4 introduced (ART) as a new runtime environment, which uses to entirely compile the application bytecode into upon the installation of an application. In Android 4.4, ART was an experimental feature and not enabled by default; it became the only runtime option in the next major version of Android, 5.0. For its Java library, the Android platform uses a subset of the now discontinued project. In December 2015, Google announced that the next version of Android would switch to a Java implementation based on. Android's,, was developed by Google specifically for Android, as a derivation of the 's standard C library code. Bionic itself has been designed with several major features specific to the Linux kernel. The main benefits of using Bionic instead of the (glibc) or are its smaller runtime footprint, and optimization for low-frequency CPUs. At the same time, Bionic is licensed under the terms of the, which Google finds more suitable for the Android's overall licensing model. Aiming for a different licensing model, toward the end of 2012, Google switched the Bluetooth stack in Android from the GPL-licensed to the Apache-licensed BlueDroid. Android does not have a native by default, nor does it support the full set of standard libraries. This made it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android, until version r5 of the brought support for applications written completely in. Libraries written in C may also be used in applications by injection of a small and usage of the. Since Marshmallow, ', a collection of command line utilities (mostly for use by apps, as Android doesn't provide a by default), replaced similar 'Toolbox' collection. Android has another operating system, Trusty OS, within it, as a part of 'Trusty' 'software components supporting a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) on mobile devices.' 'Trusty and the Trusty API are subject to change. [.] Applications for the Trusty OS can be written in C/C++ (C++ support is limited), and they have access to a small C library. [.] All Trusty applications are single-threaded; multithreading in Trusty userspace currently is unsupported. [.] Third-party application development is not supported in' the current version, and software running on the OS and processor for it, run the ' framework for protected content. [.] There are many other uses for a TEE such as mobile payments, secure banking, full-disk encryption, multi-factor authentication, device reset protection, replay-protected persistent storage, wireless display ('cast') of protected content, secure PIN and fingerprint processing, and even malware detection.' Open-source community Android has an active community of developers and enthusiasts who use the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) source code to develop and distribute their own modified versions of the operating system. These community-developed releases often bring new features and updates to devices faster than through the official manufacturer/carrier channels, with a comparable level of quality; provide continued support for older devices that no longer receive official updates; or bring Android to devices that were officially released running other operating systems, such as the. Community releases often come pre- and contain modifications not provided by the original vendor, such as the ability to or the device's processor. Was the most widely used community firmware, and CyanogenMod has been discontinued and is the successor of CyanogenMod. Historically, device manufacturers and mobile carriers have typically been unsupportive of third-party development. Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this. Moreover, modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features, such as, for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium. As a result, technical obstacles including locked and restricted access to root permissions are common in many devices. However, as community-developed software has grown more popular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the that permits the ' of mobile devices, manufacturers and carriers have softened their position regarding third party development, with some, including,, and, providing support and encouraging development. As a result of this, over time the need to circumvent to install unofficial firmware has lessened as an increasing number of devices are shipped with unlocked or unlockable, similar to series of phones, although usually requiring that users waive their devices' warranties to do so. However, despite manufacturer acceptance, some carriers in the US still require that phones are locked down, frustrating developers and customers. Security and privacy. See also: and Scope of surveillance by public institutions As part of the broader it was revealed in September 2013 that the American and British intelligence agencies, the (NSA) and (GCHQ), respectively, have access to the user data on iPhone, BlackBerry, and Android devices. They are reportedly able to read almost all smartphone information, including SMS, location, emails, and notes. In January 2014, further reports revealed the intelligence agencies' capabilities to intercept the personal information transmitted across the Internet by social networks and other popular applications such as, which collect personal information of their users for advertising and other commercial reasons. GCHQ has, according to, a -style guide of different apps and advertising networks, and the different data that can be siphoned from each. Later that week, the Finnish Angry Birds developer announced that it was reconsidering its relationships with its advertising platforms in the light of these revelations, and called upon the wider industry to do the same. The documents revealed a further effort by the intelligence agencies to intercept Google Maps searches and queries submitted from Android and other smartphones to collect location information in bulk. The NSA and GCHQ insist their activities are in compliance with all relevant domestic and international laws, although the Guardian stated 'the latest disclosures could also add to mounting public concern about how the technology sector collects and uses information, especially for those outside the US, who enjoy fewer privacy protections than Americans.' Common security threats Research from security company lists premium service abuse as the most common type of Android malware, where text messages are sent from infected phones to without the consent or even knowledge of the user. Other malware displays unwanted and intrusive advertisements on the device, or sends personal information to unauthorised third parties. Security threats on Android are reportedly growing exponentially; however, Google engineers have argued that the malware and virus threat on Android is being by security companies for commercial reasons, and have accused the security industry of playing on fears to sell virus protection software to users. Google maintains that dangerous malware is actually extremely rare, and a survey conducted by showed that only 0.5% of Android malware reported had come from the Google Play store. In August 2015, Google announced that devices in the series would begin to receive monthly security. Google also wrote that 'Nexus devices will continue to receive major updates for at least two years and security patches for the longer of three years from initial availability or 18 months from last sale of the device via the.' The following October, researchers at the concluded that 87.7% of Android phones in use had known but unpatched due to lack of updates and support. Ron Amadeo of wrote also in August 2015 that 'Android was originally designed, above all else, to be widely adopted. Google was starting from scratch with zero percent market share, so it was happy to give up control and give everyone a seat at the table in exchange for adoption. [.] Now, though, Android has around 75–80 percent of the worldwide smartphone market—making it not just the world's most popular mobile operating system but arguably the most popular operating system, period. As such, security has become a big issue. Android still uses a software update chain-of-command designed back when the Android ecosystem had zero devices to update, and it just doesn't work'. Following news of Google's monthly schedule, some manufacturers, including Samsung and LG, promised to issue monthly security updates, but, as noted by Jerry Hildenbrand in Android Central in February 2016, 'instead we got a few updates on specific versions of a small handful of models. And a bunch of broken promises'. In a March 2017 post on Google's Security Blog, Android security leads Adrian Ludwig and Mel Miller wrote that 'More than 735 million devices from 200+ manufacturers received a platform security update in 2016' and that 'Our carrier and hardware partners helped expand deployment of these updates, releasing updates for over half of the top 50 devices worldwide in the last quarter of 2016'. They also wrote that 'About half of devices in use at the end of 2016 had not received a platform security update in the previous year', stating that their work would continue to focus on streamlining the security updates program for easier deployment by manufacturers. Furthermore, in a comment to, Ludwig stated that the wait time for security updates had been reduced from 'six to nine weeks down to just a few days', with 78% of flagship devices in North America being up-to-date on security at the end of 2016. Patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower-priced devices. However, the open-source nature of Android allows security contractors to take existing devices and adapt them for highly secure uses. For example, Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened microvisor for the 'Knox' project. Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of access points, encountered as phone users move around, to build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones, allowing them to run apps like,,, and to deliver location-based ads. Third party monitoring software such as TaintDroid, an academic research-funded project, can, in some cases, detect when personal information is being sent from applications to remote servers. Technical security features Android applications run in a, an isolated area of the system that does not have access to the rest of the system's resources, unless access permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is installed. Since February 2012, Google has used its scanner to watch over and scan apps available in the Google Play store. A 'Verify Apps' feature was introduced in November 2012, as part of the operating system version, to scan all apps, both from Google Play and from third-party sources, for malicious behavior. Originally only doing so during installation, Verify Apps received an update in 2014 to 'constantly' scan apps, and in 2017 the feature was made visible to users through a menu in Settings. Before installing an application, the store displays a list of the requirements an app needs to function. After reviewing these permissions, the user can choose to accept or refuse them, installing the application only if they accept. In, the permissions system was changed; apps are no longer automatically granted all of their specified permissions at installation time. An opt-in system is used instead, in which users are prompted to grant or deny individual permissions to an app when they are needed for the first time. Applications remember the grants, which can be revoked by the user at any time. The new permissions model is used only by applications developed for Marshmallow using its (SDK), and older apps will continue to use the previous all-or-nothing approach. Permissions can still be revoked for those apps, though this might prevent them from working properly, and a warning is displayed to that effect. In September 2014, Jason Nova of Android Authority reported on a study by the German security company Fraunhofer AISEC in and malware threats on Android. Nova wrote that 'The Android operating system deals with software packages by sandboxing them; this does not allow applications to list the directory contents of other apps to keep the system safe. By not allowing the antivirus to list the directories of other apps after installation, applications that show no inherent suspicious behavior when downloaded are cleared as safe. If then later on parts of the app are activated that turn out to be malicious, the antivirus will have no way to know since it is inside the app and out of the antivirus’ jurisdiction'. The study by Fraunhofer AISEC, examining antivirus software from,,,,,,,,,, and, revealed that 'the tested antivirus apps do not provide protection against customized malware or targeted attacks', and that 'the tested antivirus apps were also not able to detect malware which is completely unknown to date but does not make any efforts to hide its malignity'. In August 2013, Google announced Android Device Manager (renamed Find My Device in May 2017), a service that allows users to remotely track, locate, and wipe their Android device, with an Android app for the service released in December. In December 2016, Google introduced a Trusted Contacts app, letting users request location-tracking of loved ones during emergencies. Licensing The for Android is: it is developed in private by Google, with the source code released publicly when a new version of Android is released. Google publishes most of the code (including network and telephony ) under the version 2.0. Which allows modification and redistribution. The license does not grant rights to the 'Android' trademark, so device manufacturers and wireless carriers have to license it from Google under individual contracts. Associated Linux kernel changes are released under the version 2, developed by the, with the source code publicly available at all times. Typically, Google collaborates with a hardware manufacturer to produce a flagship device (part of the Nexus series) featuring the new version of Android, then makes the source code available after that device has been released. The only Android release which was not immediately made available as source code was the tablet-only 3.0 Honeycomb release. The reason, according to in an official Android blog post, was because Honeycomb was rushed for production of the, and they did not want third parties creating a 'really bad user experience' by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android intended for tablets. Only the base Android operating system (including some applications) is open-source software, whereas most Android devices ship with a substantial amount of proprietary software, such as, which includes applications such as, Google Search, and – a software layer that provides for the integration with Google-provided services, among others. These applications must be licensed from Google by device makers, and can only be shipped on devices which meet its compatibility guidelines and other requirements. Custom, certified distributions of Android produced by manufacturers (such as and ) may also replace certain stock Android apps with their own proprietary variants and add additional software not included in the stock Android operating system. There may also be ' required for certain hardware components in the device. Some stock applications in AOSP code that were formerly used by earlier versions of Android, such as Search, Music, and Calendar, have been by Google in favor of replacements distributed through Play Store (Google Search, Google Play Music, and Google Calendar) that are no longer open-source. Moreover, open-source variants of some applications also exclude functions that are present in their non-free versions, such as Photosphere panoramas in Camera, and a page on the default home screen (exclusive to the proprietary version 'Google Now Launcher', whose code is embedded within that of the main Google application). And the have been critical of Android and have recommended the usage of alternatives such as, because drivers and firmware vital for the proper functioning of Android devices are usually proprietary, and because the Google Play Store application can forcibly install or deinstall applications and, as a result, invite non-free software; although the Free Software Foundation has not found Google to use it for malicious reasons. Leverage over manufacturers Google licenses their Google Mobile Services software, along with Android trademarks, only to hardware manufacturers for devices that meet Google's compatibility standards specified in the Android Compatibility Program document. Thus, forks of Android that make major changes to the operating system itself do not include any of Google's non-free components, stay incompatible with applications that require them, and must ship with an alternative software marketplace in lieu of Google Play Store. Examples of such Android forks are 's (which is used on the line of tablets, and oriented toward Amazon services), the (a fork used by the, oriented primarily toward and services), and other forks that exclude Google apps due to the general unavailability of Google services in certain regions (such as ). In 2014, Google also began to require that all Android devices which license the Google Mobile Services software display a prominent 'Powered by Android' logo on their boot screens. Members of the Open Handset Alliance, which include the majority of Android OEMs, are also contractually forbidden from producing Android devices based on forks of the OS; in 2012, was forced by Google to halt production on a device powered by 's with threats of removal from the OHA, as Google deemed the platform to be an incompatible version of Android. Alibaba Group defended the allegations, arguing that the OS was a distinct platform from Android (primarily using apps), but incorporated portions of Android's platform to allow backwards compatibility with third-party Android software. Indeed, the devices did ship with an application store which offered Android apps; however, the majority of them were. Running on an ASUS netbook; Android has been unofficially ported to traditional PCs for use as a desktop operating system. Android received a lukewarm reaction when it was unveiled in 2007. Although analysts were impressed with the respected technology companies that had partnered with Google to form the Open Handset Alliance, it was unclear whether mobile phone manufacturers would be willing to replace their existing operating systems with Android. The idea of an open-source, Linux-based sparked interest, but there were additional worries about Android facing strong competition from established players in the smartphone market, such as Nokia and Microsoft, and rival Linux mobile operating systems that were in development. These established players were skeptical: was quoted as saying 'we don't see this as a threat,' and a member of Microsoft's Windows Mobile team stated 'I don't understand the impact that they are going to have.' Since then Android has grown to become the most widely used smartphone operating system and 'one of the fastest mobile experiences available.' Reviewers have highlighted the open-source nature of the operating system as one of its defining strengths, allowing companies such as (), (), (),, and others to the software and release hardware running their own customised version of Android. As a result, it has been described by technology website as 'practically the default operating system for launching new hardware' for companies without their own mobile platforms. This openness and flexibility is also present at the level of the end user: Android allows extensive customisation of devices by their owners and apps are freely available from non-Google app stores and third party websites. These have been cited as among the main advantages of Android phones over others. Despite Android's popularity, including an activation rate three times that of iOS, there have been reports that Google has not been able to leverage their other products and web services successfully to turn Android into the money maker that analysts had expected. Suggested that Google is losing control of Android due to the extensive customization and proliferation of non-Google apps and services – Amazon's Kindle Fire line uses, a heavily modified fork of Android which does not include or support any of Google's proprietary components, and requires that users obtain software from its competing instead of Play Store. In 2014, in an effort to improve prominence of the Android brand, Google began to require that devices featuring its proprietary components display an Android logo on the boot screen. Android has suffered from 'fragmentation', a situation where the variety of Android devices, in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them, makes the task of developing applications that work consistently across the ecosystem harder than rival platforms such as iOS where hardware and software varies less. For example, according to data from in July 2013, there were 11,868 models of Android device, numerous different screen sizes and eight Android OS versions simultaneously in use, while the large majority of iOS users have upgraded to the latest iteration of that OS. Critics such as have asserted that fragmentation via hardware and software pushed Android's growth through large volumes of low end, budget-priced devices running older versions of Android. They maintain this forces Android developers to write for the 'lowest common denominator' to reach as many users as possible, who have too little incentive to make use of the latest hardware or software features only available on a smaller percentage of devices. However, OpenSignal, who develops both Android and iOS apps, concluded that although fragmentation can make development trickier, Android's wider global reach also increases the potential reward. Market share. Main article: Research company Canalys estimated in the second quarter of 2009, that Android had a 2.8% share of worldwide shipments. By May 2010, Android had a 10% worldwide smartphone market share, overtaking, whilst in the US Android held a 28% share, overtaking. By the fourth quarter of 2010, its worldwide share had grown to 33% of the market becoming the top-selling smartphone platform, overtaking. In the US it became the top-selling platform in April 2011, overtaking with a 31.2% smartphone share, according to comScore. By the third quarter of 2011, estimated that more than half (52.5%) of the smartphone sales belonged to Android. By the third quarter of 2012 Android had a 75% share of the global smartphone market according to the research firm IDC. In July 2011, Google said that 550,000 Android devices were being activated every day, up from 400,000 per day in May, and more than 100 million devices had been activated with 4.4% growth per week. In September 2012, 500 million devices had been activated with 1.3 million activations per day. In May 2013, at, Sundar Pichai announced that 900 million Android devices had been activated. Android market share varies by location. In July 2012, 'mobile subscribers aged 13+' in the United States using Android were up to 52%, and rose to 90% in China. During the third quarter of 2012, Android's worldwide smartphone shipment market share was 75%, with 750 million devices activated in total. In April 2013 Android had 1.5 million activations per day. As of May 2013, 48 billion applications ('apps') have been installed from the Google Play store, and by September 2013, one billion Android devices have been activated. As of February 2017, the store has over 2.7 million Android applications published, and As of May 2016, apps have been downloaded more than 65 billion times. The operating system's success has made it a target for patent litigation as part of the so-called ' between technology companies. Android devices account for more than half of smartphone sales in most markets, including the US, while 'only in Japan was Apple on top' (September–November 2013 numbers). At the end of 2013, over 1.5 billion Android smartphones have been sold in the four years since 2010, making Android the most sold phone and tablet OS. Three billion Android smartphones are estimated to be sold by the end of 2014 (including previous years). According to Gartner research company, Android-based devices outsold all contenders, every year since 2012. In 2013, it outsold Windows 2.8:1 or by 573 million. As of 2015, Android has the largest of all operating systems; Since 2013, devices running it also sell more than Windows, iOS and Mac OS X devices combined. According to, which tracks only the use for browsing the web, Android is the most popular mobile operating system since August 2013. Android is the most popular operating system for web browsing in India and several other countries (e.g. Virtually all of Asia, with Japan and North Korea exceptions). According to StatCounter, Android is most used on mobile in all African countries, and it stated 'mobile usage has already overtaken desktop in several countries including India, South Africa and Saudi Arabia', with virtually all countries in Africa having done so already (except for seven countries, including Egypt), such as Ethiopia and Kenya in which mobile (including tablets) usage is at 90.46% (Android only, accounts for 75.81% of all use there). The tablet, running Android 4.1 Jelly Bean Despite its success on smartphones, initially Android tablet adoption was slow. One of the main causes was the question where consumers were hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to a lack of high quality tablet applications, but developers were hesitant to spend time and resources developing tablet applications until there was a significant market for them. The content and app 'ecosystem' proved more important than hardware as the selling point for tablets. Due to the lack of Android tablet-specific applications in 2011, early Android tablets had to make do with existing smartphone applications that were ill-suited to larger screen sizes, whereas the dominance of Apple's was reinforced by the large number of tablet-specific applications. Despite app support in its infancy, a considerable number of Android tablets (alongside those using other operating systems, such as the and ) were rushed out to market in an attempt to capitalize on the success of the iPad. InfoWorld has suggested that some Android manufacturers initially treated their first tablets as a 'Frankenphone business', a short-term low-investment opportunity by placing a smartphone-optimized Android OS (before Android 3.0 Honeycomb for tablets was available) on a device while neglecting user interface. This approach, such as with the, failed to gain market traction with consumers as well as damaging the early reputation of Android tablets. Furthermore, several Android tablets such as the were priced the same or higher than the, which hurt sales. An exception was the, which relied upon lower pricing as well as access to Amazon's ecosystem of applications and content. This began to change in 2012, with the release of the affordable and a push by Google for developers to write better tablet applications. According to International Data Corporation, shipments of Android-powered tablets surpassed iPads in Q3 2012. As of the end of 2013, over 191.6 million Android tablets had sold in three years since 2011. This made Android tablets the most-sold type of tablet in 2013, surpassing iPads in the second quarter of 2013. According to StatCounter's web use statistics, as of August 15, 2017, Android tablets represent the majority of tablet devices used in (57.46%) and (69.08%), while being a distant second to iOS in North America (25.29%) and Europe (32.64%), despite having sizeable majorities in many,, and states. ) and representing the majority in Asia (51.25%) notably in India (65.98%) and (82.18%). Android is an extremely distant second at 11.93% in as well, mostly due to (10.71%) and (16.9%), while in some countries such as over 80% of tablets are believed to use Android. As well, Android is more often than not used by the minority of web users in, which has no permanent population. In March 2016, Galen Gruman of stated that Android devices could be a 'real part of your business [.] there's no longer a reason to keep Android at arm's length. It can now be as integral to your mobile portfolio as 's devices are'. A year earlier, Gruman had stated that 's own were 'better on iOS and Android' than on Microsoft's own devices. Platform usage. Gingerbread (0.6%) Charts in this section provide breakdowns of Android versions, based on devices accessing the in a seven-day period ending on October 2, 2017 (just after release of ). Therefore, these statistics exclude devices running various Android that do not access the Google Play Store, such as Amazon's. Further information:,, and Both Android and Android phone manufacturers have been involved in numerous patent lawsuits. On August 12, 2010, sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents related to the programming language. Oracle originally sought damages up to $6.1 billion, but this valuation was rejected by a United States federal judge who asked Oracle to revise the estimate. In response, Google submitted multiple lines of defense, counterclaiming that Android did not infringe on Oracle's patents or copyright, that Oracle's patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They said that Android's Java runtime environment is based on, a implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently developed virtual machine called. In May 2012, the jury in this case found that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents, and the trial judge ruled that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable. The parties agreed to zero dollars in for a small amount of copied code. On May 9, 2014, the partially reversed the district court ruling, ruling in Oracle's favor on the copyrightability issue, and the issue of to the district court. In December 2015, Google announced that the next major release of Android () would switch to, which is the official open-source implementation of the Java platform, instead of using the now-discontinued Apache Harmony project as its runtime. Code reflecting this change was also posted to the AOSP source repository. In its announcement, Google claimed this was part of an effort to create a 'common code base' between Java on Android and other platforms. Google later admitted in a court filing that this was part of an effort to address the disputes with Oracle, as its use of OpenJDK code is governed under the (GPL) with a, and that 'any damages claim associated with the new versions expressly licensed by Oracle under OpenJDK would require a separate analysis of damages from earlier releases'. In June 2016, a United States federal court ruled in favor of Google, stating that its use of the APIs was fair use. In addition to lawsuits against Google directly, various have been waged against Android indirectly by targeting manufacturers of Android devices, with the effect of discouraging manufacturers from adopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an Android device to market. Both and Microsoft have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement, with Apple's ongoing being a particularly high-profile case. In January 2012, Microsoft said they had signed patent license agreements with eleven Android device manufacturers, whose products account for '70 percent of all Android smartphones' sold in the US and 55% of the worldwide revenue for Android devices. These include and. Samsung's patent settlement with Microsoft included an agreement to allocate more resources to developing and marketing phones running Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system. Microsoft has also its own Android software to patent licenses, requiring the bundling of and applications on Android devices to subsidize the licensing fees, while at the same time helping to promote its software lines. Google has publicly expressed its frustration for the current patent landscape in the United States, accusing Apple, Oracle and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather than innovating and competing with better products and services. In August 2011, Google purchased for US$12.5 billion, which was viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android, since Motorola Mobility held more than 17,000 patents. In December 2011, Google bought over a thousand patents from. In 2013,, a lobbying organization supported by Microsoft, Oracle and others, filed a complaint regarding Android with the, alleging that its free-of-charge distribution model constituted anti-competitive. The, whose donors include Google, disputed the Fairsearch allegations. On April 20, 2016, the EU filed a formal antitrust complaint against Google based upon the FairSearch allegations, arguing that its leverage over Android vendors, including the mandatory bundling of the entire suite of proprietary Google software, hindering the ability for competing search providers to be integrated into Android, and barring vendors from producing devices running forks of Android, constituted anti-competitive practices. In August 2016, Google was fined US$6.75 million by the Russian (FAS) under similar allegations. A which runs Android Google has developed several variations of Android for specific use cases, including for wearable devices such as wrist watches, for televisions, for cars, and Brillo, later renamed, for smart devices and. The open and customizable nature of Android allows to use it on other electronics as well, including laptops and,,, desktop computers, cameras, headphones, home automation systems, game consoles, mirrors, media players, telephones,,,,,, refrigerators, coffee machines,,,,, and. Additionally, android have been installed and run on a variety of objects, including calculators,, and satellites., a video game console running Android, became one of the most successful campaigns, US$8.5m for its development, and was later followed by other Android-based consoles, such as 's – an Android device in a form factor. In 2011, Google demonstrated 'Android@Home', a home automation technology which uses Android to control a range of household devices including light switches, power sockets and thermostats. Prototype light bulbs were announced that could be controlled from an Android phone or tablet, but Android head Andy Rubin was cautious to note that 'turning a lightbulb on and off is nothing new', pointing to numerous failed home automation services. Google, he said, was thinking more ambitiously and the intention was to use their position as a services provider to bring Google products into customers' homes. Unveiled an Android-based system known as Asteroid in 2011, followed by a successor, the touchscreen-based Asteroid Smart, in 2012. In 2013, released its own Android-based car stereo, the AX1. In January 2014, at the (CES), Google announced the formation of the, a group including several major automobile makers (,,, and ) and, which aims to produce Android-based systems for automobiles, '[bringing] the best of Android into the automobile in a safe and seamless way.' Android comes preinstalled on a few laptops (a similar functionality of running Android applications is also available in Google's ) and can also be installed on by end users. On those platforms Android provides additional functionality for physical and, together with the ' key combination for switching applications quickly with a keyboard. In December 2014, one reviewer commented that Android's notification system is 'vastly more complete and robust than in most environments' and that Android is 'absolutely usable' as one's primary desktop operating system. In October 2015, reported that Android will serve as Google's future main laptop operating system, with the plan to fold Chrome OS into it by 2017. Google's Sundar Pichai, who led the development of Android, explained that 'mobile as a computing paradigm is eventually going to blend with what we think of as desktop today.' And back in 2009, Google co-founder Sergey Brin himself said that Chrome OS and Android would 'likely converge over time.' Lockheimer, who replaced Pichai as head of Android and Chrome OS, responded to this claim with an official Google blog post stating that 'While we've been working on ways to bring together the best of both operating systems, there's no plan to phase out Chrome OS [which has] guaranteed auto-updates for five years'. That is unlike Android where support is shorter with ' dates [being.] at least 3 years [into the future] for Android tablets for education'. March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Morrill, Dan (September 23, 2008).. Android Developers Blog.. Retrieved March 11, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2016. Internationalization Multi-locale support [.] New languages supported: Coupled with allowing you to select multiple languages preferences, Android Nougat allows you to select from 100 new languages and 25 locales for commonly used languages such as English, Spanish, French, and Arabic. This enables Apps to better support and understanding your language preferences even if your devices lacks official support for it. Archived from on January 21, 2016. Archived from on February 9, 2014. Archived from on March 19, 2014. Android Source.. Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Devine, Richard (May 6, 2012).. Android Central. Mobile Nations. Retrieved November 9, 2017. August 18, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • ^ Elgin, Ben (August 17, 2005)... Archived from on February 5, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • ^ Alabaster, Jay (April 16, 2013).... Retrieved May 9, 2017. • Welch, Chris (April 16, 2013).... Retrieved May 9, 2017. • Eadicicco, Lisa (March 27, 2015).... Retrieved May 9, 2017. • Vance, Ashlee (July 29, 2011)... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • ^ Manjoo, Farhad (May 27, 2015)... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Block, Ryan (August 28, 2007).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Sharma, Amol; Delaney, Kevin J. (August 2, 2007).... Retrieved July 24, 2017. • McKay, Martha (December 21, 2006)... Archived from on February 5, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2012. And don't hold your breath, but the same cell phone-obsessed tech watchers say it won't be long before Google jumps headfirst into the phone biz. Phone, anyone? • Ionescu, Daniel (April 26, 2012).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Ziegler, Chris (April 25, 2012).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Ziegler, Chris (April 25, 2012).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Claburn, Thomas (September 19, 2007)... Archived from on March 17, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Pearce, James Quintana (September 20, 2007)... Knowingly, Corp. Retrieved March 12, 2017. November 5, 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Schonfeld, Erick (November 5, 2007).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Rubin, Andy (November 5, 2007).. Official Google Blog.. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Aamoth, Doug (September 23, 2008).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Gao, Richard (September 23, 2016).. Android Police. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Menon, Murali K. (July 3, 2016).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Ion, Florence (May 15, 2013).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Hollister, Sean (May 15, 2013).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Cunningham, Andrew (July 4, 2013).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Cunningham, Andrew (January 14, 2014).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Cunningham, Andrew (January 25, 2015).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Chavez, Chris (January 21, 2015).. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Smith, Mat (August 28, 2013).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Orion, Egan (August 28, 2013).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Page, Larry (March 13, 2013).. Official Google Blog.. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Arthur, Charles (March 13, 2013).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Brandom, Russell (August 10, 2015).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Conditt, Jessica (August 10, 2015).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Bergen, Mark (October 9, 2015).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Martonik, Andrew (October 9, 2015).. Android Central. Mobile Nations. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Kastrenakes, Jacob (June 25, 2014).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Seifert, Dan (June 26, 2014).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Woods, Ben (June 25, 2014).. The Next Web. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Pichai, Sundar (September 15, 2014).. Official Google Blog.. Retrieved March 12, 2017. September 15, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Bergen, Mark (June 11, 2015).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • D'Orazio, Dante (August 9, 2015).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Lomas, Natasha (August 18, 2015).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Cooper, Daniel (August 18, 2015).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Efrati, Amir (January 17, 2017).. The Information. Retrieved November 9, 2017. (subscription required) • Bohn, Dieter (January 17, 2017).... Retrieved November 9, 2017. • Savov, Vlad (October 4, 2016).... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Lawler, Richard (October 4, 2016).... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Seifert, Dan (October 4, 2016).... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Ng, Alfred (October 6, 2016).... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Bohn, Dieter.... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Kastrenakes, Jacob (October 4, 2017).... Retrieved October 12, 2017. Android Open Source Project.. Archived from on January 25, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Android Developers.. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Android Developers.. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Android Developers.. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Chavez, Chris (December 22, 2011).. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Android Developers.. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Android Developers.. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Hindy, Joe (February 4, 2017).. Android Authority. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Gordon, Whitson (May 20, 2011).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Begun, Daniel A... Retrieved March 12, 2017. Material Design.. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Android Developers.. Archived from on December 8, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Mullis, Alex (November 21, 2016).. Android Authority. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Android Developers.. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Android Developers.. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Android Developers.. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Miller, Paul (May 17, 2017).... Retrieved May 22, 2017. • Lardinois, Frederic (May 17, 2017).... Retrieved May 22, 2017. Android Developers. July 21, 2009. • Opam, Kwame (January 28, 2014).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • ^ Amadeo, Ron (October 21, 2013).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2014. July 24, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014. • Warren, Christina.. Retrieved June 4, 2014. Android Developers. Retrieved November 16, 2013. • Chu, Eric (April 13, 2011).. Retrieved May 15, 2011. • Ganapati, Priya (June 11, 2010)... Retrieved February 20, 2012. • Amadeo, Ron (July 29, 2014).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Hutchinson, Lee (March 14, 2013).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. June 26, 2011. Retrieved October 30, 2012. • Victor Matos (September 9, 2013). Cleveland State University. Archived from (PDF) on February 22, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014. June 16, 2011. Retrieved October 30, 2012. • Reto Meier (2012).. John Wiley & Sons.. Retrieved November 2, 2012. • Howley, Daniel (May 18, 2016)... Retrieved May 19, 2016. Android Developers.. Retrieved March 11, 2017. Android Developers.. Retrieved March 11, 2017. • LaPedus, Mark (April 26, 2011)... AspenCore Media. Retrieved March 11, 2017. • ^ Shah, Agam (December 1, 2011).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. July 11, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2014. • Warman, Matt (June 7, 2012).. The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved June 19, 2013. Android Developers Portal. Retrieved November 16, 2013. (PDF) (4.4 ed.). November 27, 2013. July 11, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2014. Retrieved November 15, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2017. Now powered by Android Marshmallow. • Michael Brown (May 8, 2014).. Retrieved November 1, 2014. • Shawn Knight.. Retrieved November 1, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014. January 13, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014. • Brad Chacos (September 6, 2013).. Retrieved April 7, 2014. • Jose Pagliery (August 25, 2014).. Retrieved November 1, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014. • Paul Mozur (March 5, 2013).. Retrieved November 1, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014. Android Source.. Retrieved March 13, 2017. • La, Lynn; Bennett, Brian (November 14, 2014).... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Lawler, Richard (July 9, 2012).... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • McCann, John (July 10, 2012).... Archived from on July 13, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2017. Android Open Source Project.. Archived from on January 7, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Kennedy, Pagan (October 11, 2013)... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • K., Peter (May 27, 2015).. Retrieved March 13, 2017. Android Source.. Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Bohn, Dieter (March 21, 2017).... Retrieved September 3, 2017. • Gibbs, Samuel; Solon, Olivia (August 22, 2017).... Retrieved September 3, 2017. • Garun, Natt (August 21, 2017).... Retrieved September 3, 2017. • Villas-Boas, Antonio (September 14, 2016).... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Johnston, Casey (May 16, 2012).... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Dobie, Alex (January 18, 2014).. Android Central. Mobile Nations. Retrieved March 13, 2017. • ^ Cunningham, Andrew (June 28, 2011).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Hoffman, Chris (May 25, 2013).. Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Cunningham, Andrew (August 31, 2016).... Retrieved April 3, 2017. • Ganapati, Priya (March 15, 2010).... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • cwalters (March 15, 2010).... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • ^ Gillmor, Dan (October 28, 2012).... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Leyden, John (November 22, 2011)... Situation Publishing. Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Raphael, JR (February 13, 2014).... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Amadeo, Ron (September 3, 2013).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Cunningham, Andrew (August 9, 2013).... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Clark, Jack; Moritz, Scott (May 25, 2016).. Retrieved March 15, 2017. • Amadeo, Ron (May 26, 2016).... Retrieved March 15, 2017. • Li, Abner (May 25, 2016).. Retrieved March 15, 2017. • Amadeo, Ron (May 12, 2017).... Retrieved November 10, 2017. • Amadeo, Ron (September 29, 2017).... Retrieved November 10, 2017. • Amadeo, Ron (May 31, 2017).... Retrieved June 26, 2017. • Hildenbrand, Jerry (January 23, 2012).. Android Central. Retrieved June 20, 2017. May 13, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2017. December 5, 2016. • Proffitt, Brian (August 10, 2010).... Retrieved June 20, 2017. • Meyer, David (February 3, 2010).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • ^ (December 9, 2010).. Linux kernel monkey log. Retrieved June 20, 2017. • Rooney, Paula (April 15, 2010).... Archived from on June 17, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2017. • ^ Paul, Ryan (February 24, 2009).... Retrieved June 20, 2017. • Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (September 7, 2010).... Retrieved June 20, 2017. • Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (August 18, 2011).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Chris von Eitzen (December 23, 2011).. Archived from on December 8, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2012. • Jonathan, Corbet.. February 28, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2013. Archived from on August 27, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2013. • Raja, Haroon Q. (May 19, 2011).. Retrieved September 15, 2012. • See • Jools Whitehorn.. Retrieved September 15, 2012. • McPherson, Amanda (December 13, 2012).. Linux Foundation. Archived from on April 17, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2014. • Proschofsky, Andreas (July 10, 2011).. Retrieved March 14, 2013. • Hildenbrand, Jerry (November 8, 2012).. Android Central. Mobile Nations. Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Lynch, Jim (August 20, 2013).. Retrieved April 17, 2014. • ^ Paul, Ryan (February 24, 2009).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017. And checks them both in VTS as well as during an OTA. [.] Older Android devices released prior to Android O but that will be upgraded to Android O can continue to use their original base kernel version if desired. • Ben Cheng; Bill Buzbee (May 2010). Retrieved March 18, 2015. • Nickinson, Phil (May 26, 2010).. Android Central. Mobile Nations. Retrieved March 11, 2017. • ^ Burnette, Ed (June 4, 2008).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Toombs, Cody (November 6, 2013).. Android Police. Retrieved April 27, 2014. • ^ Amadeo, Ron (January 6, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2015. • Pruett, Chris (January 11, 2011).. Android Developers Blog. Retrieved April 22, 2014. August 12, 2012. Archived from on June 4, 2012. • on by Jake Edge (January 14, 2015) •. • McFerran, Damien (April 17, 2012).... Archived from on April 19, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Russakovskii, Artem (May 1, 2010).. Android Police. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Isaac, Mike (April 11, 2011).. Retrieved September 15, 2012. May 28, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2012. • OS, Lineage.. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2012. • Sadun, Erica (July 26, 2010).. Retrieved September 15, 2012. • Crook, Jordan (October 24, 2011).... Retrieved June 25, 2017. Inspired Geek. June 8, 2011. • Menno (June 6, 2011).. Android Central. Mobile Nations. Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Forian, Daniel.. Archived from on February 12, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2012. • Kopfstein, Janus (November 20, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Staff (September 7, 2013).. Retrieved September 7, 2013. • ^ James Ball.. Retrieved February 2, 2014. • James Ball (January 28, 2014).. Retrieved February 2, 2014. • Protalinski, Emil (July 17, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. November 24, 2011. Retrieved November 9, 2012. • ^ Hildenbrand, Jerry (November 2, 2012).. Android Central. Mobile Nations. Retrieved March 11, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2013. • Ludwig, Adrian; Rapaka, Venkat (August 5, 2015).. Official Android Blog.. Retrieved March 16, 2017. • Whitwam, Ryan (August 5, 2015).. Android Police. Retrieved March 16, 2017. • Chester, Brandon (August 5, 2015).... Retrieved March 16, 2017. Android Vulnerabilities.. October 8, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Thomas, Daniel R.; Beresford, Alastair R.; Rice, Andrew. Retrieved March 16, 2017. • Amadeo, Ron (October 14, 2015).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Amadeo, Ron (August 6, 2015).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Tung, Liam (August 6, 2015).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Hildenbrand, Jerry (February 19, 2016).. Android Central. Mobile Nations. Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Ludwig, Adrian; Miller, Mel (March 22, 2017).. Google Security Blog.. Retrieved March 22, 2017. We released monthly Android security updates throughout the year for devices running Android 4.4.4 and up—that accounts for 86.3 percent of all active Android devices worldwide. • Conger, Kate (March 22, 2017).... Retrieved March 22, 2017. • Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo (July 29, 2015).. Retrieved March 16, 2017. • Kingsley-Hughes, Adrian (June 9, 2014).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. The Register. February 28, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013. The New York Times. February 28, 2013. • Steve Lohr (May 8, 2011).... Retrieved February 16, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2012. • Ganapati, Priya (September 30, 2010).. Retrieved January 30, 2012. • Sims, Gary (May 30, 2012).. Android Authority. Retrieved March 15, 2017. • Lockheimer, Hiroshi (February 2, 2012).. Google Mobile Blog.. Retrieved March 22, 2017. • Albanesius, Chloe (February 2, 2012).... Retrieved March 22, 2017. • Raphael, JR (November 1, 2012).... Retrieved March 22, 2017. • Whitwam, Ryan (February 13, 2017).. Android Police. Retrieved March 15, 2017. • Wiggers, Kyle (February 15, 2017)... Retrieved March 15, 2017. Google Play Help.. Retrieved March 15, 2017. • Mediati, Nick (October 12, 2015).. Retrieved March 15, 2017. • Seifert, Dan (May 28, 2015).... Retrieved March 15, 2017. • Hoffman, Chris (October 11, 2015).. Retrieved March 6, 2017. • Wagoner, Ara (November 1, 2015).. Android Central. Mobile Nations. Retrieved March 6, 2017. • Nova, Jason (September 14, 2014).. Android Authority. Retrieved March 22, 2017. • Hager, Ryne (May 17, 2017).. Android Police. Retrieved May 17, 2017. • Welch, Chris (May 17, 2017).... Retrieved May 17, 2017. • Protalinski, Emil (August 2, 2013).. The Next Web. Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Kastrenakes, Jacob (August 2, 2013).... Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Heater, Brian (December 11, 2013).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Whitwam, Ryan (December 11, 2013).. Android Police. Retrieved March 13, 2017. • Garun, Natt (December 5, 2016).... Retrieved April 4, 2017. • Lardinois, Frederic (December 5, 2016).... Retrieved April 4, 2017. • Boulton, Clint (October 21, 2008)... Retrieved February 17, 2012. • Paul, Ryan (November 6, 2007).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. Android Open Source Project. Archived from on August 3, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2012. • Bray, Tim (April 6, 2011).. Retrieved February 16, 2012. • Jerry Hildenbrand (March 24, 2011).. Retrieved February 16, 2012. • Amadeo, Ron (February 26, 2014).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Brian Klug (November 14, 2013)... Retrieved November 19, 2013. • Amadeo, Ron (November 14, 2013).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Stallman, Richard (September 19, 2011).. London: The Guardian. Retrieved September 9, 2012. • Stallman, Richard (August 5, 2012).. Retrieved September 9, 2012. • (PDF) (5.0 ed.). January 11, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2015. • Warren, Tom (February 24, 2014).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Qing, Liau Yun (October 15, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. Archived from on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011. • Moyer, Edward (September 15, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Brodkin, Jon (September 15, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Brodkin, Jon (September 17, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. November 6, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2012. • Reardon, Marguerite (February 11, 2008).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. February 12, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2012. • Miller, Paul (November 5, 2007).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • ^ Brodkin, Jon (November 5, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Reisinger, Don (January 16, 2015)... Retrieved November 9, 2012. Business Insider. April 28, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2014. July 13, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2012. • Jeffries, Adrianne (March 19, 2013).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Steve Kovach (July 30, 2013).. Business Insider. Retrieved October 19, 2013. • ^ Arthur, Charles (July 30, 2013).. The Guardian. Retrieved August 1, 2013. • Eran, Daniel (October 16, 2013).. Retrieved October 19, 2013. • McLean, Prince (August 21, 2009)... Retrieved February 16, 2012. Financial Times. January 31, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2013. • writer, By David Goldman, staff.. November 15, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2012. Archived from on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012. • ^ Kumparak, Greg (July 14, 2011).... Retrieved June 25, 2017. • Van Camp, Jeffrey (June 28, 2011).. Retrieved February 16, 2012. • Barra, Hugo (May 10, 2011).. The Official Google Blog. Retrieved February 16, 2012. Official Android Engineering teams. September 12, 2012. Archived from on October 5, 2012. • ^ Melanson, Donald (April 16, 2013).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Welch, Chris (May 15, 2013).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Fingas, Jon (September 4, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2012. May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2013. • Gundotra, Vic.. Retrieved September 3, 2013. February 9, 2017. Archived from on February 10, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Statt, Nick (May 18, 2016).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Reardon, Marguertite (August 15, 2011).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Perry, Douglas (July 16, 2011).. Tom's Guide.. Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Whitney, Lance (January 6, 2014).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • ^ (Press release). October 15, 2014. Retrieved October 19, 2014. • Lunden, Ingrid (October 15, 2014).... Retrieved June 25, 2017. Archived from on October 11, 2014. • ^ Yarow, Jay (March 28, 2014).. Retrieved April 23, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2014. • StatCounter.. Retrieved November 30, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2016. • Grush, Andrew (October 21, 2014).. Android Authority. Retrieved October 22, 2014. January 5, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2015. Strategy Analytics. Retrieved February 18, 2015. • Mahapatra, Lisa (November 11, 2013).. Retrieved January 30, 2014. • Elmer-DeWitt, Philip (January 10, 2014).. Archived from on January 30, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2014. • Rowinski, Dan (December 10, 2013).. Retrieved September 9, 2014. • Martinez, Juan (August 14, 2014).... Retrieved October 11, 2017. • Ruddock, David (August 14, 2014).. Android Police. Illogical Robot. Retrieved October 11, 2017. • Walter, Derek (November 3, 2016).. Retrieved October 11, 2017. • Bhattacharya, Ananya (November 3, 2016).... Retrieved October 11, 2017. • Russell, Jon (April 3, 2017).... Retrieved September 3, 2017. • Protalinski, Emil (April 3, 2017)... Retrieved September 3, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2017. • Vincent, James (September 29, 2015).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Lomas, Natasha (September 29, 2015).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Protalinski, Emil (May 17, 2017)... Retrieved May 17, 2017. • Ng, Alfred (May 17, 2017).... Retrieved May 17, 2017. • Wilson Rothman (October 24, 2012).. Retrieved November 9, 2012. Tofel (March 19, 2012).. Retrieved November 9, 2012. • ^ Kendrick, James (March 21, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Poeter, Damon (December 7, 2012).. Retrieved December 10, 2012. • • • Gruman, Galen (April 5, 2011).. Retrieved March 14, 2013. • Gruman, Galen.. Retrieved May 14, 2013. • Hiner, Jason (January 5, 2012).. Retrieved November 9, 2012. • Cunningham, Andrew (October 8, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Kovach, Steve.. Business Insider. September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.. Retrieved August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017. • Gruman, Galen (March 24, 2016).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. () • Gruman, Galen (August 7, 2015).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. Android Developers. Retrieved October 4, 2017. • Wired UK (May 3, 2012).. Retrieved September 15, 2012. • Yin, Wesley (April 24, 2012).. Retrieved September 15, 2012. • Armasu, Lucian (July 30, 2012).. Retrieved October 6, 2012. • Paul, Ryan (August 25, 2010).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Amadeo, Ron (July 9, 2014).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • McAllister, Neil (August 8, 2012).. The Register. Retrieved June 10, 2012. • Niccolai, James (August 12, 2010).. Retrieved February 16, 2012. June 18, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011. July 22, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011. • Singel, Ryan (October 5, 2010).. Retrieved February 16, 2012. • Lowensohn, Josh (May 23, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Mullin, Joe (May 31, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Niccolai, James (June 20, 2012).. Retrieved June 23, 2012. • Rosenblatt, Seth (May 9, 2014).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Archived from (PDF) on June 1, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014. • Mullin, Joe (May 26, 2016).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • ^ Newman, Jared (September 28, 2011).. Retrieved September 15, 2012. • (Press release). January 12, 2012. Archived from on April 20, 2012. • Brodkin, Jon (October 23, 2011).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Mikael Ricknäs (September 28, 2011).. Retrieved February 16, 2012. • Trent, Rod.. SuperSite for Windows. Retrieved August 23, 2016. • Warren, Tom (June 1, 2016).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Cheng, Jacqui (August 3, 2011).... Retrieved June 14, 2017. • Johnston, Casey (August 15, 2011).... Retrieved June 14, 2017. • Wauters, Robin (August 15, 2011).... Retrieved June 14, 2017. • Paul, Ryan (January 4, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. Free Software Foundation Europe. Retrieved September 28, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2017. • D'Orazio, Dante (March 18, 2014).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Molen, Brad (March 18, 2014).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Opam, Kwame (June 25, 2014).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Ong, Josh (June 25, 2014).. The Next Web. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Wilhelm, Alex (June 25, 2014).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Moynihan, Tim (June 25, 2014).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Miller, Ross (May 28, 2015).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Kastrenakes, Jacob (December 13, 2016).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Lardinois, Frederic (December 13, 2016).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Herrman, John (June 2, 2009).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Boutin, Paul (February 12, 2010)... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • June, Laura (September 6, 2010).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • • • Savov, Vlad (August 29, 2012).... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Myslewski, Rik (January 12, 2011)... Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Petrovan, Bogdan (February 26, 2012).. Android Authority. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • G., Will (December 1, 2011).. Android Authority. Retrieved March 12, 2017. • Devine, Richard (January 19, 2012).. Android Central. Mobile Nations. Retrieved March 11, 2017. • • • • • • • • • • • • • •. Retrieved November 2, 2012. • Erik Kain (April 18, 2012).. Retrieved November 2, 2012. • Buckley, Sean (July 21, 2013).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Ricker, Thomas (May 11, 2011).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Patel, Nilay (February 27, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Miller, Paul (January 4, 2011).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Gorman, Michael (October 4, 2012).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Low, Aloysius (September 13, 2013).... Archived from on September 14, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Souppouris, Aaron (January 6, 2014).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Lunduke, Bryan (December 1, 2014).. Network World. Retrieved March 24, 2015. • ^ Alistair Barr (October 30, 2015).. Retrieved November 5, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2015. • Byford, Sam (October 30, 2015).... Retrieved March 11, 2017. • Lockheimer, Hiroshi (November 2, 2015).. Retrieved November 27, 2015. Google Help Center. Retrieved March 12, 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. • • • • • on, November 11, 2007 •: lecture given by Google Mobile Platforms Manager, Richard Miner at () •.
0 Comments
![]() Mar 12, 2017. In support of this mission, the Alberta government has prepared this manual to assist commercial truck and bus companies. Module 1 aims to provide carriers with basic information that will assist them in setting up a trucking or busing. Drivers with a Class 1, 2 or 4 licence may also apply for the school. ![]() Driver's Education in Virginia Driver's Ed is required if you're a teenager applying for your first driver's license with the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). If you're an adult who has never held a driver's license, Driver's Ed is an optional step that will reduce the amount of time you must hold a learner's permit. On this page, you'll find information about Virginia's driver's education curriculum, eligibility requirements, and your options to complete a Driver's Ed course. VA Driver's Education Eligibility Requirements Virginia Driver's Ed is available to teens and adult drivers applying for a driver's license for the first time. NOTE: Out-of-state Driver's Ed courses may be accepted by the VA DMV for new residents who are transferring an out-of-state driver's license. Please see “ New-to-State Residents' below for more information. Driver's Ed for Teens If you are younger than 18 years old, you must complete an approved Driver's Ed or driver's training course before you can obtain a VA driver's license. Additionally, you must: • Obtain a learner's permit (you must be at least 15 1/2 years old). • Complete supervised driving. Driver's Ed for Adults If you're older than 18 years old and have never held a driver's license, you must do one of the following before applying for your VA driver's license: • Complete a state-approved Driver's Ed course. OR • Hold a learner's permit for at least 60 days. New-to-State Residents If you are at least 16 years and 3 months old but younger than 18 years old and want to convert your out-of-state driver's license, you must either: • Provide proof of completion of an out-of-state Driver's Ed course that included at least: • 30 hours of classroom instruction. • 6 hours of behind-the-wheel training. OR • Obtain a temporary license valid for 6 months and complete a Virginia Driver's Ed course or find your out-of-state completion certificate. For more information, please see our page. About Your Virginia Driver's Ed Course Course Curriculum Virginia driver's education covers: • Drug and alcohol abuse and safety. • Aggressive and distracted driving. • Pedestrian, bicycle, and motorcycle safety and awareness. Classroom & Behind-the-Wheel Hours No matter how you complete your VA driver's education course, the program will include: • 36 periods of classroom instruction. • 14 periods of in-car instruction. These each and consist of: • 7 periods of driving. AND • 7 periods of observation. Once you complete the course, a completion certificate will be submitted to the VA DMV and provided to you by your instructor. If you are younger than 18 years old, your parent will need to sign the certificate before you can obtain a Virginia driver's license. NOTE: If you are younger than 18 years old, you and your parent/legal guardian must attend an additional 90 minutes of Driver's Ed if you live in Planning District 8, which includes: • Arlington County. • Fairfax County. • Loudoun County. • Prince Williams County. • The cities of Alexandria, Fairfax, Falls Church, Manassas, and Manassas Park. Contact your for more information. Home-Schooled Driving Training For home-schooled teens, parents can provide the in-car instruction portion of their child's driver's education. Parents must become authorized to do so by: • Completing a (Form HS 1). • Providing proof from the school district/superintendent that your child is home-schooled. • Providing proof of completion of the classroom component of your child's driver's education course. • Home-schooled students can choose to take the classroom portion online. • Mailing the above to: • Department of Motor Vehicles • Commercial Licensing Work Center • P.O. Box 27412 • Richmond, VA 23269 NOTE: A separate application must be completed for each child. For more information, refer to the (Form HS 3). Types of Driver's Education Courses Driver's education in Virginia is provided by: • Public and private secondary schools. • Private driver training programs. • Online Driver's Ed programs for home-schooled teens. The Virginia DMV provides lists of approved and on its website. After you pick a course, contact your course provider for specific details about class schedules, locations, and costs. Getting Your Learner's Permit and License Once you complete Driver's Ed, you're one step closer to receiving your Virginia driver's license. If you are 18 years old or older, you can visit your local Virginia to take the required tests. For more information, please see our page. If you are younger than 18 years old, you'll need to: • Visit a to take your knowledge and vision tests to obtain your learner's permit, if you haven't done so. • Submit your signed Driver's Ed completion certificate, if you are younger than 18 years old. • Hold your leaner's permit for at least 9 months. • Complete a minimum of 45 hours of supervised driving, which includes 15 hours of nighttime driving. Your parent/legal guardian must certify the completion of these hours. Regardless of your age, you'll need to: • Complete a (Form DL 1P). • Provide proof of your identity, residency, and Social Security number. The Virginia DMV provides an and a. For more information, please see our and pages. Search For Local Drivers Education Near. Home-Schooled In-Car Driver Education Parental Authorization Application - HS 1 Submit to the Virginia DMV to request to provide in-car driving instruction for your home-schooled child. • • Home-Schooled In-Car Driver Education Information Sheet - HS 3 Explains the responsibilities and application to provide in-car driving instruction to your home-schooled child. • • Driver's License and Identification Card Application - DL 1P Submit to the DMV to apply for an original, renewal, OR replacement Virginia driver's license, learner's permit, OR motorcycle license. ABOUT US We value excellent academic writing and strive to provide outstanding essay writing services each and every time you place an order. We write essays, research papers, term papers, course works, reviews, theses and more, so our primary mission is to help you succeed academically. Most of all, we are proud of our dedicated team, who has both the creativity and understanding of our clients' needs. Our writers always follow your instructions and bring fresh ideas to the table, which remains a huge part of success in writing an essay. We guarantee the authenticity of your paper, whether it's an essay or a dissertation. Furthermore, we ensure confidentiality of your personal information, so the chance that someone will find out about our cooperation is slim to none. We do not share any of your information to anyone. Our Services When it comes to essay writing, an in-depth research is a big deal. Our experienced writers are professional in many fields of knowledge so that they can assist you with virtually any academic task. We deliver papers of different types: essays, theses, book reviews, case studies, etc. When delegating your work to one of our writers, you can be sure that we will: • Use your writing style; • Follow your guidelines; • Make all the needed corrections whenever it’s necessary; • Meet even the strictest deadlines; • Provide you with a free title page and bibliography. We have thousands of satisfied customers who have already recommended us to their friends. Why not follow their example and place your order today? Manufacturer: Sabrent Hardware Type: USB Model: 8-Channel 3D USB 2.0 External 7.1 Surround Sound Box Series: USB-SND8 Compatibility: Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10 Downloads: 62,418,777 Download Size: 3.4 MB Database Update: Available Using DriverDoc: This page contains information about installing the latest Sabrent 8-Channel 3D USB 2.0 External 7.1 Surround Sound Box USB-SND8 driver downloads using the. Sabrent 8-Channel 3D USB 2.0 External 7.1 Surround Sound Box USB-SND8 drivers are tiny programs that enable your USB hardware to communicate with your operating system software. Maintaining updated Sabrent 8-Channel 3D USB 2.0 External 7.1 Surround Sound Box USB-SND8 software prevents crashes and maximizes hardware and system performance. ![]() Using outdated or corrupt Sabrent 8-Channel 3D USB 2.0 External 7.1 Surround Sound Box USB-SND8 drivers can cause system errors, crashes, and cause your computer or hardware to fail. Furthermore, installing the wrong Sabrent drivers can make these problems even worse. Recommendation: If you are inexperienced with updating Sabrent device drivers manually, we highly recommend downloading the. This tool will download and update the correct Sabrent 8-Channel 3D USB 2.0 External 7.1 Surround Sound Box USB-SND8 driver versions automatically, protecting you against installing the wrong 8-Channel 3D USB 2.0 External 7.1 Surround Sound Box USB-SND8 drivers. Solvusoft: Microsoft Gold Certified Company Recognized for best-in-class capabilities as an ISV (Independent Software Vendor) Solvusoft is recognized by Microsoft as a leading Independent Software Vendor, achieving the highest level of completence and excellence in software development. Solvusoft's close relationship with Microsoft as a Gold Certified Partner enables us to provide best-in-class software solutions that are optimized for performance on Windows operating systems. How is the Gold Competency Level Attained? To achieve a Gold competency level, Solvusoft goes through extensive independent analysis that looks for, amongst other qualities, a high level of software expertise, a successful customer service track record, and top-tier customer value. As a Gold Certified Independent Software Vendor (ISV), Solvusoft is able to provide the highest level of customer satisfaction through delivering top-level software and service solutions, which have been subject to a rigourous and continually-audited approval process by Microsoft. Product No: 5777 Made In: Availability: 0 In Stock New, Retail Box. • C-Media 7.1-Channel USB External Sound Pocket • General Features:• 7.1 channel 3D external sound pocket• USB audio device class spec. 1.0 and USB HID class spec. Virtual 7.1 USB External Sound Card. • Windows XP/Vista for Xear 3D virtual 7.1 channel sound. This new device and install the USB audio driver. If this information is at all relevant I am not sure but my StarTech.com Virtual 7.1 Stereo Audio Adapter External Sound Card is plugged straight into a usb socket on my laptop using Windows Vista! The drivers were automatically found & the device works fine in stereo! There are no alternatives to this process especially as. Buy Sabrent USB 2.0 Sound Card USB-SND8: Internal Sound Cards - Amazon.com ✓ FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchases. Windows and Mac. Plug and play No drivers Needed. StarTech.com 7.1 USB Audio Adapter External Sound Card with SPDIF Digital Audio Sound Cards ICUSBAUDIO7D. Digital Audio Streaming Via S/PIF out. - Sound Box USB Spec 2.0 high speed compliant. USB Audio Device class Spec.1.0 and USB HID Class spec.1.1 compliant. - USB 2.0 3D 7.1 Audio 8 Channel sound card.| eBay! Buy 7.1 Channel USB External Sound Card Audio Adapter: External Sound Cards. USB 2.0 Virtual 7.1 Channel Audio 3D Sound Card. No drivers required for Windows. Downloading ADB/USB Drivers for Android. ADB Drivers are an important set of drivers if you want to be able to interact. Jun 4, 2017 - 3 min - Uploaded by Григорий БлохинSpreadtrum Drivers Rar Archive - GSM. Download Android ADB Drivers LG Android ADB Drivers - Downloads - My GSM Forum Above link is LG Driver but works with most of android phones Report if you find any difficulties with us. List of USB (adb and fastboot) drivers for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 computers (32-bit and 64-bit) that work with all Android smartphones and tablets. This blog is all about cracking GSM programs. Available tutorials for cracking and unpacking programs. This was a major PITA to figure out, but doing it is pretty easy. Download the LG Mobile Support Tool to your Windows computer from LG. ![]() Install it, and while the phone is DISCONNECTED open the program. Under the Options & Help menu, choose Country & Language. Set Singapore as your country, and English as your language (unless you prefer another of the listed languages. Hillbilly was not listed.) 4. Next, on the main window choose to install the USB driver, and choose LGP500 as the model number. Wait while the app downloads and installs 4 or 5 separate drivers. On your Optimus One, enable USB debugging and plug it in. You now have the ADB driver, and the USB modem drivers installed. You know what to do next. HP's most up-to-date cellular laptop, the HP EliteBook 8560w ($1,579 direct), proves that there is simply no replacement for a fully featured computer laptop. Plenty of professionals can get by using with a general enterprise pc, but engineers, architects, and virtual artists quick find that run-of-the-mill simply doesn't reduce it. Sometimes you want higher, extra effective gear. ![]() The HP EliteBook 8560w is packed to the gills with powerful additives like a quad-middle processor, ISV-certified graphics, and the entirety you want to maintain a device safe and relaxed, and it takes the top spot amongst mobile workstations as our new Editors' Choice. HP EliteBook 8560W: Design. The EliteBook 8560w has HP's DuraCase, a durable aluminum pores and skin covering a magnesium alloy chassis, and presenting a smudge-resistant finish. HP EliteBook User Guide. Buttons, switches, and fingerprint reader. Obtaining the latest HP device drivers. HP EliteBook 8560w Mobile. View all OS in HP EliteBook 8560w Mobile Workstation drivers. Validity Fingerprint Driver 4.3.216.0; HP 2.4 GHz Wireless. The chiseled appropriate looks of the gunmetal gray belie the truth that this device is constructed tough, assembly MIL-STD 810G requirements for surprise, vibration, temperature, and altitude—the only laptops with more durability are fully rugged structures just like the Dell Latitude E6420 XFR ($5,612 direct, three.Five stars). The EliteBook 8560w is also spill-resistant, entire with a drain inside the backside of the chassis to eliminate any probably damaging liquids. HP EliteBook 8560W: Features The EliteBook 8560w bristles with ports and connectors, with connections for USB 3.Zero, USB 2.0, eSATA/USB 2.Zero, and FireWire four hundred, in conjunction with jacks for headphones and microphone and a media-card slot at the front. Connecting to an outside display or projector is easy with the inclusion of each VGA and a full-sized DisplayPort, and with AMD's Eyefinity era, you can connect and run up to 5 displays right away. You'll also discover an ExpressCard/fifty four slot for increasing your hardware talents and a case-lock slot that helps you to lock the whole lot down while wished. On the right of the laptop you'll find a twin-layer DVD+-RW optical power. On the lower back of the computer, in addition to Gigabit Ethernet, you'll find a modem connection. The 56Kbps modem is probably a piece of a throwback, but the integrated 802.11n WLAN labored simply first-rate in our assessments, and Bluetooth three.0 helps you to sync your wireless peripherals without problems. Internally, you may discover a 500GB 7,2 hundred-rpm hard drive, together with an embedded TPM safety chip, a clever card reader, and HP ProtectTools. The ultimate is a set of equipment designed to offer IT-pleasant safety, with the whole thing from drive encryption and credential control to facial recognition and far off lock-down gear have to a computer be lost or stolen. Intel vPro offers faraway IT assistance, even over company wi-fi networks or outdoor company firewalls through a stressed LAN connection. It allows the whole lot from renovation and control to security (including wiping a force complete of sensitive information) remotely. HP EliteBook 8560W: Performance HP EliteBook 8560w ISV (Independent Software Vendor) certification means that the photos hardware, an AMD FirePro M5950 with 1GB of VRAM, has been tested and shown to be like minded with a extensive array of software program for engineering, design, digital content material introduction and more—Autodesk AutoCAD, DS Solidworks, Siemens PLMS Solid Edge, Adobe After Effects, and a laundry list of other packages that could cripple most customer-grade systems. -www.pcmag.com HP EliteBook 8560w Mobile Workstation Windows XP Professional x64 Edition Drivers. The fingerprint reader software (usually referred to as the access manager software) uses the fingerprint device driver to capture a fingerprint image and then control access to the logon accounts that you set up. Logon accounts contain user's names and passwords for secure applications and web sites that you register with the access manager. Once a logon account is registered and you have enrolled a fingerprint in the access manager, you can use your fingerprint to log into those applications and web sites. ![]() Manufacturer: Sony Hardware Type: USB Flash Drive Compatibility: Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10 Downloads: 61,400,301 Download Size: 3.4 MB Database Update: Available Using DriverDoc: This page contains information about installing the latest Sony USB Flash Drive driver downloads using the. Sony USB Flash Drive drivers are tiny programs that enable your USB Flash Drive hardware to communicate with your operating system software. Maintaining updated Sony USB Flash Drive software prevents crashes and maximizes hardware and system performance. Using outdated or corrupt Sony USB Flash Drive drivers can cause system errors, crashes, and cause your computer or hardware to fail. Furthermore, installing the wrong Sony drivers can make these problems even worse. ![]() Mar 27, 2015. Firstly you will have to download the latest SUS version from Sony on this link Secondly you will. On the phone and then go to Settings>Storage; Now connect your telephone to the PC using the USB cable; Update the software; Update your apps. Download new Sony Ericsson drivers for all models for Windows, Mac OS, and Linux. All drivers are free to download. Drivers, Firmware & Software. Jan 19, 2017. Download software in the Sony Ericsson category. Sony Mobile Flasher 0.9.23.1. A powerful software solution that enables those who own Xperia smartphones to flash or root them. Jan 19th 2017, 07:15 GMT. Sony Ericsson Update Service 2.07111005. Update the software stability of your. How to update. Install the Sony PC Companion software using one of the following methods: Plug your phone using the USB cable to your computer. You will be promted. NOTE: If you are not prompted to install the software, verify auto install is enabled by going to Settings > Xperia > Connectivity > Install PC Companion. Recommendation: If you are inexperienced with updating Sony device drivers manually, we highly recommend downloading the. This tool will download and update the correct Sony USB Flash Drive driver versions automatically, protecting you against installing the wrong USB Flash Drive drivers. Solvusoft: Microsoft Gold Certified Company Recognized for best-in-class capabilities as an ISV (Independent Software Vendor) Solvusoft is recognized by Microsoft as a leading Independent Software Vendor, achieving the highest level of completence and excellence in software development. Solvusoft's close relationship with Microsoft as a Gold Certified Partner enables us to provide best-in-class software solutions that are optimized for performance on Windows operating systems. How is the Gold Competency Level Attained? To achieve a Gold competency level, Solvusoft goes through extensive independent analysis that looks for, amongst other qualities, a high level of software expertise, a successful customer service track record, and top-tier customer value. As a Gold Certified Independent Software Vendor (ISV), Solvusoft is able to provide the highest level of customer satisfaction through delivering top-level software and service solutions, which have been subject to a rigourous and continually-audited approval process by Microsoft. If you are having problems with your Sony Mobile Phone then consider the following steps on fixing your mobile phone. You will need to download some of the software from the Sony website in order to start the fix. This is mainly for the mobile phones. Always backup all your data before you upgrade your software on your phone. This has been added below. Here are the steps I took to fix the problem: Solution 1: • Firstly you will have to download the latest SUS version from Sony on this link • Secondly you will also need to download the latest PC Companion software at the following link • Install the software and reboot once the installation has completed. • Turn off your computer firewall and antivirus temporarily • You now have to Unmount your SD card on the phone and then go to Settings>Storage • Now connect your telephone to the PC using the USB cable • Update the software • Update your apps • Turn on your antivirus and firewall again • Mount your SD back and it is done. Solution 2: If you are looking for other issues then the following might help: • First Disconnect the phone from your computer; • Type CMD into the Windows start button • Type in the following command: (English Operating System) C: Windows system32> net localgroup Administrators local service /add • Type in the following command: (Spanish Operating System) C: Windows system32> net localgroup Administradores “servicio local” /add • Hit enter. UpdateStar is compatible with Windows platforms. UpdateStar has been tested to meet all of the technical requirements to be compatible with Windows 10, 8.1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2003, 2008, and Windows XP, 32 bit and 64 bit editions. Simply double-click the downloaded file to install it. UpdateStar Free and UpdateStar Premium come with the same installer. UpdateStar includes such as English, German, French, Italian, Hungarian, Russian and. You can choose your language settings from within the program. ![]() HI i CANNOT FIND A DRIVER FOR Sharp AR-M160 DRIVER FOR WINDOWS 7 64 BIT. I would suggest you to download the Windows 7 drivers and. You can contact the Sharp. SHARP AR-5316E/5320E Series Printer Driver by SHARP. Versions: 1.0. Find Out How Microsoft Is Planning to Roll Out Windows 10. Dropbox May Offer Gifts. Driver sharp ar 5316e download. Ps3 controller driver windows 8 64 bit The above epson stylus download driver hp probook 4421s for windows 7 1160 Editing. Goto the [attachment tab] and click on the [software and drivers] link then choose os version: or thry these: http://support.sharp.net.au/drivers/software_licence.asp?section=COP&filename=Sharpdesk_V332C.zip. DB2 Version 10.1 Fix Pack 5 Product Fix Pack description More info Download DB2 Universal Fix Pack The DB2 Universal fix pack contains all the fixes to APARs up to the current fix pack. It is used to upgrade any installed DB2 product. DB2 Server Fix Pack Contains the DB2 Universal Fix Pack, plus the base code for all DB2 products. Install the DB2 Server Fix Pack if you need to install any of the DB2 server Editions at Fix Pack 5. DB2 Advanced Enterprise Server Edition (AESE) DB2 Enterprise Server Edition (ESE) DB2 Workgroup Server Edition (WSE) DB2 Express Edition (EXP) DB2 Connect Server (CONSV) Use the DB2 Server Fix Pack to install all DB2 Connect server editions such as Enterprise Edition, Application Server Edition, Unlimited Edition DB2 Connect Personal Edition (CONPE) DB2 Connect Personal Edition makes your mainframe and iSeries data directly available to your desktop applications. Use this fix pack to install or upgrade DB2 Connect Personal edition. DB2 Express-C DB2 fix packs can not be used with the Free version of DB2 Express-C unless you purchase and install the optional 12 Months Subscription license (also known as the Fixed Term License or FTL). The following shows you how I got an ODBC connection to DB2 on a Windows Server 2008R2. After doing a search on the Internet I found this page that really helped me a. Sep 25, 2009. In this article I will try to sort this all out for you. You can download the latest clients and drivers or IBM Data Studio from these links. In general terms a client includes. It has all of the drivers described in the “IBM Data Server Driver Package” described below. The IBM Data Server Client. (minimum requirement is the IBM Data Server Driver Package. There are known issues reported by IBM installing the IBM DB2 Data Server Driver on. Once you purchase the FTL and apply it, you will be able to install the regular fix packs (Universal fix pack or Server fix pack). In addition to the abiilty to apply fix packs you also get access to IBM's world class 24/7 customer support. Learn how to. DB2 National Language Package Download and install this package if want to use languages other then English. Net Search Extender DB2® Net Search Extender offers users and application programmers a fast, versatile, and intelligent method of searching full-text documents stored in DB2, other databases, and file systems using SQL queries. DB2 Accessories Suite for DB2 Text Search DB2 Accessories Suite extends the DB2 Text Search functionality to perform rich text document searches and indexing. Download the DB2 Accessories Suite and follow the install and setup instructions. IBM Data Server Client This is the all in one client package and includes all the client tools and libraries available. It also includes add-ins for Visual Studio. IBM Data Server Runtime Client This package is a superset of Data Server Driver package. It includes many DB2 specific utilities and libraries. It includes DB2 Command Line Processor (CLP) tool. IBM Data Server Driver Package This package contains drivers and libraries for various programming language environments. It provides support for Java (JDBC and SQLJ), C/C++ (ODBC and CLI),.NET drivers and database drivers for open source languages like PHP and Ruby. The latest driver package from Version 10.1 also includes an interactive client tool called CLPPlus that is capable of executing SQL statements, scripts and can generate custom reports. IBM Data Server Driver for JDBC and SQLJ IBM Data Server Driver for JDBC and SQLJ (JCC Driver) Provides support for JDBC and SQLJ for client applications developed in Java. Supports JDBC 3 and JDBC 4 standard. Also called as JCC driver. IBM Data Server Driver for ODBC and CLI (32-bit) IBM Data Server Driver for ODBC and CLI (CLI Driver) -- This is the smallest of all the client packages and provides support for Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) and Call Level Interface (CLI) libraries for the C/C++ client applications. IBM Data Server Driver for ODBC and CLI (64-bit) IBM Data Server Driver for ODBC and CLI (CLI Driver) This is the smallest of all the client packages and provides support for Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) and Call Level Interface (CLI) libraries for the C/C++ client applications. IBM Database Add-Ins for Visual Studio IBM Database Add-Ins for Visual Studio are a collection of features that integrate seamlessly into your Visual Studio development environment so that you can work with DB2® servers and develop DB2 procedures, functions, and objects. The download is available for Windows 32-bit. InfoSphere Federation Server Relational Wrappers With DB2® Database for Linux®, UNIX®, and Windows®, you can federate to DB2 family and Informix® data sources. You can install InfoSphere® Federated Server Relational Wrappers to access many other relational data sources. InfoSphere Federation Server Nonrelational Wrappers With DB2® Database for Linux®, UNIX®, and Windows®, you can federate to DB2 family and Informix® data sources. You can install InfoSphere® Federated Server Nonrelational Wrappers to access many other nonrelational data sources. ![]() Support socket AM2 for AMD Athlon 64/Athlon 64X2 CPU / AM2+ for AMD Phenom CPU. (95W only) - Support socket AM3 CPU. (65W only) Please refer to CPU Support for compatible CPU; the above description is for reference only. Hyper Transport Bus - HyperTransport 3.0 supporting speed up to 1000MT/s - AM2 CPU supports HyperTransport 1.0/2.0 (Optional) Chipset - NVIDIA MCP61 (P/S/V) (6150SE) Main Memory - Supports Dual Channel DDR2 533/667/800 - 2 DDR2 DIMMs (240pin / 1.8V) - Supports a maximum memory size up to 8GB. Slots - One PCI Express x16 slot. - One PCI Express x1 slot. - Two PCI slots (support 3.3v/5v PCI bus interface). On-Board IDE - One IDE port by NVIDIA MCP61 (P/S/V) - Supports Ultra DMA 66/100/133 mode - Supports PIO, Bus Master operation mode - Can connect up to two IDE devices On-Board SATA - Two SATA II ports by NVIDIA MCP61 (P/S/V) - Supports storage and data transfers at up to 3Gb/s RAID Function - SATA II 1~2 supports RAID 0, 1 mode by NVIDIAMCP61 (P/S/V) MSI Reminds You. - The RAID setup floppy disk is optional depending on the districts. You can download the files from the website to make the setup disk. ![]() REALTEK: download driver for RTL8131 and Windows XP 32bit. Realtek 8201cl 2000 Driver, free realtek 8201cl 2000 driver freeware software downloads. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Welcome to BleepingComputer, a free community where people like yourself come together to discuss and learn how to use their computers. Using the site is easy and fun. As a guest, you can browse and view the various discussions in the forums, but can not create a new topic or reply to an existing one unless you are logged in. Other benefits of registering an account are subscribing to topics and forums, creating a blog, and having no ads shown anywhere on the site. Or read our to learn how to use this site. I recently installed windows 7 as my main OS. However, when i installed the Driver for ESS Allegro (Sound Card), it acts like it installs just fine, but as soon as windows trys to do anything involving sound, WHAM!!!!!!!, BSOD. This then results in me having to go through safe mode to uninstall the driver. I have now downgraded to XP Again. Every driver i tried resulted in the same thing. Does anyone know of a WORKING driver for my sound card? I would also appreciate it if anyone could vouch for said driver Thanks in Advance! System Model: Compaq Evo N600c •. Yeah, either you buy Win7 compatible hardware or have your existing hardware compatible with the same No offense, but that is not at all true. Your hardware doesn't care, or even know, what OS is running the drivers. As long as you can get the drivers to work, then the hardware will work. One of the biggest mistakes I see people making when they upgrade is in thinking that they need to install drivers for all of their hardware, when in reality, Windows 7 is very good at finding the correct drivers all by itself. I have Window 7 Ultimate running on an ancient system cobbled together from spare parts. Everything installed fine. Windows 7 was not around when the hardware was made, so in no way can the hardware be called Windows 7 compatible, which IMHO is just a marketing term anyway. The first thing I would do is to go into my device manager, remove the soundcard, and then reboot the system and see if Windows is able to find a driver that works. There may well be a generic driver that works just fine. Windows 7 was not around when the hardware was made, so in no way can the hardware be called Windows 7 compatible, which IMHO is just a marketing term anyway. Well, maybe you were lucky enough to have your hardware devices fully supported by Win7 but it's not always the case. Some PC hardware like GPUs, mobo chipsets etc. Still need traditional OS specific drivers to function effectively with the OS being used. In some cases, Win7 might be able to better utilize certain hardware components compared to, say WinXP so that calls for a driver specifically written for the newer OS to do the same. ![]() Download ESS AUDIO Sound Card drivers, firmware, bios, tools, utilities. Windows 10 64 bit, Windows 10, Windows 8.1 64 bit, Windows 8.1, Windows 8 64 bit, Windows 8, Windows 7 64 bit, Windows 7. Aug 3rd 2016, 00:29 GMT. ESS ES1989 Card Allegro Audio Driver 5. However, I do agree on the notion you are trying to put across. Don't you hate it when you accidentally close the browser before you are finished typing a post? Some PC hardware like GPUs, mobo chipsets etc. Still need traditional OS specific drivers to function effectively with the OS being used.That is what I said: As long as you can get the drivers to work, then the hardware will work. There are three compatibility contexts. One, is my system compatible with Windows 7, meaning does my system have enough RAM, disk space, and a fast enough processor to run it? Two, is my hardware Win 7 compatible, meaning that it has met specific testing requirements provided by Microsoft? Three, is my hardware Win 7 compatible, meaning can I get it to run under Windows 7? My (poorly stated) objection to your comment was that implied (at least to me) that specific hardware was needed in order to work with Windows 7. The Windows Compatibility Assistant, Windows Compatibility Wizard, and the XP Compatibility Mode are all designed to make the various drivers 'think' they are running on legacy systems, whether that be XP, XP SP1, or Windows 98. On my Frankensteined box, as soon as I booted it up, it went online and found all of the proper drivers. I have helped tons of people get their hardware up and going, and it has been my experience that as long as it worked on with XP, it will work under Windows 7 also. I haven't tried any hardware designed for older systems than XP, so I can't comment. I will admit that sometimes it is difficult to make things work, but I think that the fact that ability to fool drivers and software into thinking it is on a different operating system is rather remarkable. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |